The content of SHIELD trainings is based on the best available science. The following is a list of studies cited across SHIELD curricula.

The Action Lab at the Center for Health Policy and Law. (2019, July 12). Fentanyl-laced Drugs. Changing the Narrative. https://www.changingthenarrative.news/fentanyl-laced-drugs 

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Act Missouri. (2016). Myths & Facts About Naloxone (Narcan). Act Missouri. https://actmissouri.org/product/myths-facts-about-naloxone-narcan/

Agnoli, A., Xing, G., Tancredi, D. J., Magnan, E., Jerant, A., & Fenton, J. J. (2021). Association of dose tapering with overdose or mental health crisis among patients prescribed long-term opioids. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 326(5), 411-419. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2782643

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Ajmera, R. (2021, December 14). Stress Symptoms: Physical Effects of Stress and How to Treat. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/symptoms-of-stress

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Alves, J. (2024, March). Stimulants 101. Grayken Center for Addiction, Boston, MA. 

American Psychological Association. (2013). How stress affects your health. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/topics/stress/health#:~:text=This%20can%20put%20you%20at,and%20memory%20and%20concentration%20impairment. 

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Avois, L., Robinson, N., Saudan, C., Baume, N., Mangin, P., & Saugy, M. (2006). Central nervous system stimulants and sport practice. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(1), i16–i20. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.027557 

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Ball, J., & Ross, A. (1991). Follow-up study of 105 patients who left treatment. In The Effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Patients, Programs, Services, and Outcome (pp. 176-187). Springer New York, NY.

Beletsky, L., Macalino, G., & Burris, S. (2005). Attitudes of police officers towards syringe access, occupational needle-sticks, and drug use: a qualitative study of one city police department in the United States. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16(4), 267-274. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955395905000502

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Beletsky, L., & Davis, C. S. (2017). Today’s fentanyl crisis: Prohibition’s Iron Law, revisited. International Journal of Drug Policy, 46, 156–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.05.050

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Beletsky, L., Ryan, E. J., & Parmet, W. E. (2018, January 28). Involuntary treatment for substance use disorder: A misguided response to the opioid crisis. Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/involuntary-treatment-sud-misguided-response-2018012413180

Binswanger, I., Stern, M., Deyo, R., Heagerty, P., Cheadle, A., Elmore, J., & Koepsell, T. (2007). Release from prison—a high risk of death for former inmates. New England Journal of Medicine, 356(2), 157-165. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmsa064115 

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Binswanger, I. A., Blatchford, P. J., Mueller, S. R., & Stern, M. F. (2013). Mortality after prison release: opioid overdose and other causes of death, risk factors, and time trends from 1999 to 2009. Annals of Internal Medicine, 159(9), 592-600. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5242316/ 

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Bredenberg, E., Tietbohl, C., Dafoe, A., Thurman, L., & Calcaterra, S. (2023). Identifying factors that contribute to burnout and resilience among hospital-based addiction medicine providers: A qualitative study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 144, 108924. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0740547222002069 

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Bronson, J., Stroop, J., Zimmer, S., & Berzofsky, M. (2017). Drug use, dependence, and abuse among state prisoners and jail inmates, 2007–2009. United States Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/dudaspji0709.pdf 

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Brown Med-Peds. (2022, October 6). Medications for opioid use disorder. Brown Med-Peds. https://brownmedpedsresidency.org/medications-for-opioid-use-disorder/

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Caulkins, J. P., Gould, A., Pardo, B., Reuter, P., & Stein, B. D. (2021). Opioids and the criminal justice system: new challenges posed by the modern opioid epidemic. Annual Review of Criminology, 4, 353-375. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-criminol-061020-125715

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Carroll, G. G., Wasserman, D. D., Shah, A. A., Salzman, M. S., Baston, K. E., Rohrbach, R. A., Jones, I. L., & Haroz, R. (2021). Buprenorphine Field Initiation of ReScue Treatment by Emergency Medical Services (Bupe FIRST EMS): A Case Series. Prehospital Emergency Care, 25(2), 289–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2020.1747579

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, March 22). Syringe Services Programs (SSPs) Infographic. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/ssp/docs/Syringe-Services-Program-Infographic_508.pdf 

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, February 23). Polysubstance Use Facts. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/polysubstance-use/index.html

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, January 11). Summary of Information on The Safety and Effectiveness of Syringe Services Programs (SSPs). CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/ssp/syringe-services-programs-summary.html

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, February 24). Stimulant Guide. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/featured-topics/stimulant-guide.html 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, March 14). Occupationally-Acquired Infections in Healthcare Settings. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/oai-hcp.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhai%2Fprevent%2Fppe.html 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, April 21). Lifesaving Naloxone. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/stopoverdose/naloxone/index.html 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, August 8). Understanding the Opioid Overdose Epidemic. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html

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Chen, Q., Sterner, G., Segel, J., & Feng, Z. (2022). Trends in opioid-related crime incidents and comparison with opioid overdose outcomes in the United States. International Journal of Drug Policy, 101, 103555. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395921004734

Chikwem, C. (2017). The relationship of job stress to job performance in police officers. [Doctoral Dissertation]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5888&context=dissertations

Christopher, P., Anderson, B., & Stein, M. (2018). Civil commitment experiences among opioid users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 193, 137-141. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6239959/

Cicero, T., Elliz, M., & Chilcoat, H. (2018). Understanding the use of diverted buprenorphine. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 193, 117-123. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30359928/

Cidambi, I. (2017, July 17). Drug and Alcohol Abuse in the Legal Profession. Psychology Today. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sure-recovery/201707/drug-and-alcohol-abuse-in-the-legal-profession

Cleveland Clinic. (2022, March 27). Epinephrine (Adrenaline): What It Is, Function, Deficiency & Side Effects. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22611-epinephrine-adrenaline

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Coffin, P., Behar, E., Rowe, C., Santos, G.-M., Coffa, D., Bald, M., & Vittinghoff, E. (2016). Nonrandomized intervention study of naloxone coprescription for primary care patients receiving long-term opioid therapy for pain. Annals of Internal Medicine, 165(4), 245-252. https://doi.org/10.7326/M15-2771

Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (2008, November 19). 7840 Sale of Drug Paraphernalia. Mass.gov. https://www.mass.gov/doc/7840-sale-of-drug-paraphernalia-possession-with-intent-to-sell-drug-paraphernalia-gl-c-94c-s-32i/download

Commonwealth of Massachusetts. (2019, June 21). Mass. General Laws c.94C § 34A. Mass.gov. https://www.mass.gov/info-details/mass-general-laws-c94c-ss-34a

Dahan, A., Franko, T. S., Carroll, J. W., Craig, D. S., Crow, C., Galinkin, J. L., Garrity, J. C., Peterson, J., & Rausch, D. B. (2024). Fact vs. fiction: naloxone in the treatment of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the current era of synthetic opioids. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1346109. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1346109

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Dean, W., Talbot, S., & Dean, A. (2019). Reframing clinician distress: moral injury not burnout. Federal Practitioner, 36(9), 400. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6752815/

Dwyer, K., Walley, A., Langlois, B., Mitchell, P., Nelson, K., Cromwell, J., & Bernstein, E. (2015). Opioid education and nasal naloxone rescue kits in the emergency department. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 16(3), 381. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4427207/

Eddie, D., & Kelly, J. (2021, May 3). People recover from addiction. They also go on to do good things. STAT News. https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/03/people-recover-from-addiction-they-also-go-on-to-do-good-things/

Evans, E. A., Zhu, Y., Yoo, C., Huang, D., & Hser, Y. I. (2019). Criminal justice outcomes over 5 years after randomization to buprenorphine‐naloxone or methadone treatment for opioid use disorder. Addiction, 114(8), 1396-1404. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.14620

Evans, E., Wilson, D., & Friedmann, P. (2022). Recidivism and mortality after in-jail buprenorphine treatment for opioid use disorder. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109254

Fearn, N. E., Vaughn, M. G., Nelson, E. J., Salas-Wright, C. P., DeLisi, M., & Qian, Z. (2016). Trends and correlates of substance use disorders among probationers and parolees in the United States 2002–2014. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 167, 128-139. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0376871616302381

Feldman, R., & Weston, B. W. (2022). Accidental occupational exposure to a large volume of liquid fentanyl on a compromised skin barrier with no resultant effect. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 37(4), 550-552. doi:10.1017/S1049023X22000905

Fisher, R., O'Donnell, D., Ray, B., & Rusyniak, D. (2016). Police officers can safely and effectively administer intranasal naloxone. Prehospital Emergency Care, 20(6), 675-680. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10903127.2016.1182605  

Ferreira, S., Couto, B., Sousa, M., Vieira, R., Sousa, N., Pico-Perez, M., & Morgado, P. (2021). Stress influences the effect of obsessive-compulsive symptoms on emotion regulation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 594541. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.594541    

Garg, A., Solas, D. W., Takahashi, L. H., & Cassella, J. V. (2010). Forced degradation of fentanyl: Identification and analysis of impurities and degradants. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 53(3), 325–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2010.04.004

Environmental Protection Agency. (2018, May 22). Fact Sheet for OSCs: Fentanyl and Fentanyl Analogs. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-07/documents/fentanyl_fact_sheet_ver_7-26-18.pdf

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Gilmartin, K. M. (2002). Emotional Survival for Law Enforcement: A Guide for Officers and Their Families. E-S Press.

Green, T., Clarke, J., Brinkley-Rubinstein, L., Marshall, B., Alexander-Scott, N., Boss, R., & Rich, J. (2018). Postincarceration fatal overdoses after implementing medications for addiction treatment in a statewide correctional system. The Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, 75(4), 405-407. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/2671411

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Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. (2014, November 18). Police face higher risk of sudden cardiac death during stressful duties [Press release]. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/police-face-higher-risk-of-sudden-cardiac-death-during-stressful-duties/

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Heimer, R., Black, A. C., Lin, H., Grau, L. E., Fiellin, D. A., Howell, B. A., ... & Becker, W. C. (2024). Receipt of opioid use disorder treatments prior to fatal overdoses and comparison to no treatment in Connecticut, 2016–17. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 254, 111040.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.111040
 

Help For Our Heroes. (2021, July 15). The Blue Line: Substance Abuse Among Police Officers. Help For Our Heroes Treatment Program. https://helpforourheroes.com/the-blue-line-substance-abuse-among-police-officers/

Hern, H. G., Lara, V., Goldstein, D., Kalmin, M., Kidane, S., Shoptaw, S., Tzvieli, O., & Herring, A. A. (2023). Prehospital Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder by Paramedics: First Year Results of the EMS Buprenorphine Use Pilot. Prehospital Emergency Care, 27(3), 334–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2022.2061661

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Huebner, B. (2006). Drug Abuse, Treatment, and Probationer Recidivism. Office of Justice Programs. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/drug-abuse-treatment-and-probationer-recidivism 

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Indiana State Department of Health. (2019, May 16). Naloxone Myths Debunked. IN.gov.

https://www.in.gov/health/overdose-prevention/files/47_naloxone-myths-debunked.pdf 

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International Centre for the Prevention of Crime. (2015, June 1). Prevention of Drug-Related Crime Report. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. https://www.unodc.org/documents/ungass2016/Contributions/Civil/ICPC/Rapport_FINAL_ENG_2015.pdf

Ives, M. (2023, October 12). California Bans 'Excited Delirium' as a Cause of Death. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/11/us/excited-delirium-california-police-brutality.html

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Jain, A., Christopher, P., & Appelbaum, P. (2018). Civil commitment for opioid and other substance use disorders: does it work? Psychiatric Services, 69(4), 374-376. https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.ps.201800066

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Johnson, C., & Foley, R. (2023, April 3). Medical examiners group steps away from 'excited delirium'. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/excited-delirium-police-custody-restraint-d75c5138fbed3c7911e0bd9bcde6c207 

Johnson, C. (2023, October 12). A doctors group calls its 'excited delirium' paper outdated and withdraws its approval. AP News. https://apnews.com/article/excited-delirium-police-deaths-acep-4760e3cbed181503a2ac747ed5afeef6

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Klostermann, K. C., & Fals-Stewart, W. (2006). Intimate partner violence and alcohol use: Exploring the role of drinking in partner violence and its implications for intervention. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11(6), 587-597. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359178905000686

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Koenig, H. G., & Al Zaben, F. (2021). Moral injury: An increasingly recognized and widespread syndrome. Journal of Religion and Health, 60, 2989-3011. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8270769/

Kop, N., Euwema, M., & Schaufeli, W. (1999). Burnout, job stress and violent behaviour among Dutch police officers. Work & Stress, 13(4), 326-340. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02678379950019789

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Krawczyk, N., Picher, C. E., Feder, K. A., & Saloner, B. (2017). Only one in twenty justice-referred adults in specialty treatment for opioid use receive methadone or buprenorphine. Health Affairs, 36(12), 2046-2053. https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0890

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Krill, P. R., Johnson, R., & Albert, L. (2016). The prevalence of substance use and other mental health concerns among American attorneys. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 10(1), 46. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4736291/

Lamoureux, I., Schutt, P., & Rasmussen, K. (2017). Petitioning for Involuntary Commitment for Chemical Dependency by Medical Services. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 45(3), 332-338. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28939731/

Lane, M. E. (2013). The transdermal delivery of fentanyl. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 84(3), 449–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.01.018

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LawAtlas. (2019, August 1). Syringe Service Program Laws. The Policy Surveillance Program. https://lawatlas.org/datasets/syringe-services-programs-laws

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Lawrence, D. S., Gourdet, C., Banks, D., Planty, M. G., Woods, D., & Jackson, B. A. (2019). Prosecutor priorities, challenges, and solutions. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR2892.html
 

Lexipol. (2023, November 3). Understanding Excited Delirium: 4 Takeaways for Law Enforcement Officers. Lexipol. https://www.lexipol.com/resources/blog/understanding-excited-delirium-4-takeaways-for-law-enforcement-officers/ 

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Lorentz, J., Hill, L., & Samimi, B. (2000). Occupational needlestick injuries in a metropolitan police force. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 18(2), 146 150.  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0749379799001373

MacDonald, M., Law, M., Kaldor, J., Hales, J., & Dore, G. J. (2003). Effectiveness of needle and syringe programmes for preventing HIV transmission. International Journal of Drug Policy, 14(5-6), 353-357. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0955395903001336

Macmadu, A., Yolken, A., Frueh, L., Toussaint, J., Newman, R., Jacka, B., Collina, A., & Marshall, B. (2022). Characteristics of events in which police responded to overdoses: an examination of incident reports in Rhode Island. Harm Reduction Journal, 19(1), 116. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12954-022-00698-2.

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Manzoni, P., & Eisner, M. (2006). Violence between the police and the public: Influences of work-related stress, job satisfaction, burnout, and situational factors. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33(5), 613-645. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0093854806288039

Massachusetts Department of Public Health. (2017). An Assessment of Fatal and Nonfatal Opioid Overdoses in Massachusetts (2011 – 2015). In Section III.e Persons Released from Incarceration in Prisons and Jails (p. 50). Massachusetts Department of Public Health. https://www.mass.gov/doc/legislative-report-chapter-55-opioid-overdose-study-august-2017/download

Massachusetts Department of Public Health. (2017, August). Data Brief: An Assessment of Opioid-Related Overdoses in Massachusetts 2011-2015. Mass.gov. https://www.mass.gov/doc/data-brief-chapter-55-opioid-overdose-study-august-2017/download

Massachusetts Department of Public Health. (2019, February 28). Section 35 Commission Treatment Statistics from BSAS Programs. Mass.gov. https://www.mass.gov/doc/presentation-on-dph-opioid-and-civil-commitment-data/download

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Mayo Clinic. (2021, June 5). Job burnout: How to spot it and take action. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/adult-health/in-depth/burnout/art-20046642

Missouri College of Emergency Physicians. (2024). Hospital-Initiated Substance Use Programming: Engaging Patients In Care Coordination [EPICC]. Missouri College of Emergency Physicians. https://mocep.org/about/epicc/

Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services. Drug Overdose Dashboard - Fatal Overdoses. Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services. https://health.mo.gov/data/opioids/index.php

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Moss, M., Warrick, B., Nelson, L., McKay, C., Dubé, P.-A., Gosselin, S., Palmer, R., & Stolbach, A. (2018). ACMT and AACT position statement: preventing occupational fentanyl and fentanyl analog exposure to emergency responders. Clinical Toxicology, 56(4), 297-300. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15563650.2017.1373782 

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National Alliance on Mental Illness. Building Resilience. NAMI. https://www.nami.org/Your-Journey/Frontline-Professionals/Public-Safety-Professionals/Building-Resilience

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National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence, Inc. (2011, June 13). The Role of Alcohol in Crime Victimization. Montana State University. https://www.montana.edu/oha/insight/MIP%20take%20home%20fact%20sheet%201.pdf 

National Harm Reduction Coalition. (2020, July 7). Harm Reduction Principles. National Harm Reduction Coalition. https://harmreduction.org/about-us/principles-of-harm-reduction/

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2022, August 30). Protecting Law Enforcement Officers from Sharps Injuries. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/newsroom/feature/officer-sharpinjury.html

National Institute of Mental Health. (2024, March). Substance Use and Co-Occurring Mental Disorders. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/substance-use-and-mental-health

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National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, June 1). Criminal Justice DrugFacts. National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugfacts/criminal-justice

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National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, June 16). Summary of Misuse of Prescription Drugs. National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/misuse-prescription-drugs/overview

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National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020, July 10). Drug Misuse and Addiction. National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/drug-misuse-addiction#ref 

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Pichardo, G. (2023, September 24). What Causes an Adrenaline Rush? The Impact of Epinephrine and Certain Situations. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-to-know-adrenaline-rush 

Prevent + Ed. Opioid Overdose. Prevent + Ed. https://prevented.org/resources/steps-to-prevent-an-opioid-overdose-resource/

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Raychaudhuri, D., & Sloan, K. (2022, April 13). Prosecutors wanted: District attorneys struggle to recruit and retain lawyers. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/prosecutors-wanted-district-attorneys-struggle-recruit-retain-lawyers-2022-04-12/

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Oliva, E. M., Bowe, T., Manhapra, A., Kertesz, S., Hah, J. M., Henderson, P., ... & Trafton, J. A. (2020). Associations between stopping prescriptions for opioids, length of opioid treatment, and overdose or suicide deaths in US veterans: observational evaluation. British Medical Journal, 368. https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m283 

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Opioid Resource Connector. (2020). Engaging Patients in Care Coordination (EPICC). Brandeis Opioid Resource Connector. https://www.opioid-resource-connector.org/program-model/engaging-patients-in-care-coordination-epicc

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Organ, J. M., Jaffe, D. B., & Bender, K. M. (2016). Suffering in silence: The survey of law student well-being and the reluctance of law students to seek help for substance use and mental health concerns. Journal of Legal Education, 66(1), 116-156. https://jle.aals.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1370&context=home 

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Oser, C. B., Biebel, E. P., Pullen, E., & Harp, K. L. (2013). Causes, consequences, and prevention of burnout among substance abuse treatment counselors: A rural versus urban comparison. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45(1), 17-27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3652635/ 

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Park, I., Choo, T., & Na, C. (2022). Burnout in the DA's office: Correlates and coping strategies among male and female prosecutors. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 69, 100533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2022.100533

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Payne, E. R., Stancliff, S., Rowe, K., Christie, J. A., & Dailey, M. W. (2024). Comparison of administration of 8-milligram and 4-milligram intranasal naloxone by law enforcement during response to suspected opioid overdose — New York, March 2022–August 2023. MMWR. Morbidity and

Mortality Weekly Report, 73(5), 110–113. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7305a4

Pietrangelo, A. (2023). The Effects of Stress on Your Body. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/stress/effects-on-body

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Reichert, J., & Gleicher, L. (2019, June 17). Probation Clients’ Barriers to Access and Use of Opioid Use Disorder Medications. Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.   https://icjia.illinois.gov/researchhub/articles/probation-clients-barriers-to-access-and-use-of-opioid-use-disorder-medications

Reitstetter, R., & Losser, T. The Synthetic Opioid Fentanyl Is Degraded By Temperature And Ultraviolet Irradiation In The Environment [Poster]. Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-11/documents/decon_poster_099.pdf

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Retreat Behavioral Health. (2023, May 1). Drug Use Among Police Officers, Alcoholism Among Police Officers. Retreat Behavioral Health. https://www.retreatbehavioralhealth.com/blog/drug-use-among-police-officers/

Samuels, E. (2014). Emergency department naloxone distribution: a Rhode Island department of health, recovery community, and emergency department partnership to reduce opioid overdose deaths. Rhode Island Medical Journal, 97(10), 38. http://www.rimed.org/rimedicaljournal/2014/10/2014-10-38-dadt-samuels.pdf

Saunders, J., Kotzias, V., & Ramchand, R. (2019). Contemporary police stress: The impact of the evolving socio-political context. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law & Society, 20(1). https://ccjls.scholasticahq.com/article/7739-contemporary-police-stress-the-impact-of-the-evolving-socio-political-context

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Schenk, S., Eisenbarth, H., & Dixon, L. (2020). Treating opioid use disorders in the criminal justice system with pharmacotherapy. Forensic Science International: Mind and Law, 1, 100009. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666353820300023 

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